Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management
The Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management, published by Kateb University, is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal that follows a double-blind review process. It is issued on a biannual basis and provides open access to its full content. The journal specializes in the fields of trade economics, business administration, and public administration, with a focus on both Afghanistan and the broader international context. The primary mission of the journal is to advance the production and exchange of knowledge in economics and management through the regular publication of high-quality scientific research. It seeks to foster academic collaboration, address contemporary economic and managerial challenges across societies—particularly in Afghanistan—and contribute to the expansion of knowledge frontiers while offering evidence-based solutions for sustainable development. The journal welcomes both original research articles and review papers from scholars that explore significant aand emerging issues in its areas of focus. Submissions must be original, unpublished, and not under review by other journals. General Information Title (English): Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management Title (Persian): مجله بین المللی اقتصاد و مدیریت کاتب Publisher/Owner: Kateb University Publishing Body: Kateb University Scope: Trade Economics, Business Administration, Public Administration Peer-Review Model: Double-Blind Review Year of Establishment: 2013 (originally launched as Kateb Scientific Quarterly) Date of National Accreditation: 13/05/2021 Accreditation/Rank: Recognized as a National Scientific-Research Journal (Ministry of Higher Education, Afghanistan) Average Time for Initial Review: Approximately 10 days Average Peer-Review and Acceptance Period: 2–3 months (minimum of two referees) Publication Frequency: Biannual (two issues per year) Languages of Publication: Persian (Dari) and English Format: Electronic and limited print edition Access Policy: Free and Open Access (full text) Print ISSN: 3006-6085 Online ISSN: 3006-6093 Citation Style: APA (6th Edition)
Investigating the Factors Affecting the Export of High Technology Product in emerging countries 2007-2017
The use of new technologies in the production of products by developed countries has reduced the production costs and increased corporate profits. So that in recent decades, the export of high-tech products has been considered as an important factor of economic growth. And it is one of the most important economic goals of developed and emerging countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the export of high-tech products in emerging economic countries (Malaysia, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Brazil, South Korea, Turkey and India) during the period of 2007-2017. random effects method for panel data was used for estimation. The results show that during the period under review, the variables of good governance (government effectiveness), degree of economic openness and real effective exchange rate have a positive and significant effect, but the variable of foreign investment has a negative and significant effect on Exports high-tech products. Among the variables under consideration, the variable of information and communication infrastructure (Internet) has no effect on the export of high-tech products.
Emerging Countries and Degree of Economic Openness.
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Investigating the Impact of Government Size on Gross Domestic Product in Afghanistan Using the Vector Regression (VAR) Model
Governments in terms of intervention in the economics of classical government begin and end in centralized planning government. The relationship between government spending and GDP is also unclear in economic theories. The statistics and performance of some developed and developing economies in the last few decades indicate that exceeding the size of the government required to provide basic services leads to a decline in GDP. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of government size on the GDP of Afghanistan based on the data of 1381–1958. For this purpose, the effects of state size have been investigated using the vector self-regression (VAR) model. Overall, the results indicate that the relationship between government size, total spending and GDP has a positive significant relationship. On the contrary, there is a significant negative relationship between labor and GDP, one of which is the lack of skilled labor in Afghanistan.
Investigating the effect of financial policy on inflation with emphasis on government expenditures In Afghanistan in the period (1381-1395)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of current and development expenditures as instruments of fiscal policy and exchange rate, real money supply and GDP on macroeconomic variables such as inflation in the Afghan economy, using annual data, during the period (2002-2011). Is. In this regard, the econometric model of vector regression was used. The results show that in the short run, real current expenditures, real liquidity, and exchange rates increase inflation in Afghanistan. While the increase in real development expenditures and GDP reduces inflation are also statistically significant; But in the long run, it is only the increase in GDP that will reduce inflation in the Afghan economy. Considering the results obtained, in the short run, in order to control inflation, the share of construction expenditures in the government budget should be increased, and in the long run, discipline in government expenditures is the most effective policy in controlling inflation.
Investigating the trend of scientific production in the field of entrepreneurial ecosystem: Bibliometric analysis
The purpose of this study is bibliometric analysis (bibliometrics) of scientific documents published in Scopus database on the subject of entrepreneurial ecosystem and drawing its scientific map in the period 1994–2020. Methods and resources used in this descriptive-analytical study, 624 scientific articles as a thematic search in the Scopus database with the subject of entrepreneurial ecosystem were bibliometric analysis. Data analysis was performed by the facilities of this database as well as VOS viewer software which is a social network analysis software. It shows that the subject of the entrepreneurial ecosystem has gone through four distinct stages from the beginning to the present. In the first period, scientists focused on the business environment and realized that external environment is also important for business growth. In the second period, they identified the components of the environment and tried to find the factors that affect. In the third period, scientists realized the complexities and various factors and dynamics of the environment and discussed the systemic approach and holism. In the fourth period, due to rapid changes in the environment and information technology in the present century, entrepreneurship as an ecosystem discussion for each region. And focused on digital startups. Entrepreneurship in general is a systemic and process discussion, which is why the ecosystem discussion has been raised.
Review of the relative advantage of agricultural product exports from Afghanistan (2005–2018)
Afghanistan is an agricultural country whose economy is also dependent on agriculture, but still, about two-thirds of Afghanistan's arable land is deprived of agriculture or is cultivated for a season due to mismanagement of water resources. On the other hand, for the growth of Afghanistan's economy, it is necessary to export its agricultural products to foreign markets in order to strengthen the country's economy. Due to the importance of this issue, this study has tried to examine the comparative advantage of saffron, apple and grape products, which are among the major agricultural products of Afghanistan among ECO member countries during the years 2005-2018. To measure the comparative advantage of agricultural products, Balasa comparative advantage index has been used and the results of cultivars calculated using Balasa comparative advantage index formula showed that the comparative advantage for all three products of saffron, apple and grape in the period 2005-2018. The results are 26.00952175, 38.7957636 and 38.58484423, respectively, which is higher than (1) for all three products, so the findings indicate that Afghanistan has a comparative advantage in the export of saffron, apples and grapes.
Income on the Impact of Monetary Policy Channels on Economic Variables Based on the Systemic Dynamic Approach
Monetary policy is a combination of the rules and actions that the central bank performs to achieve its goals. In many countries, the primary goal of monetary policy is price stability. However, some central banks also pursue other goals such as achieving full employment, maintaining domestic financial stability and instability in the balance of external payments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of monetary policy channels on economic variables with the systemic dynamics approach, which using causal-loops, simply explained the relations between variables and showed that monetary policy, at least in short term the real variables influences the economy, so policy makers must carefully apply monetary policy to control the volume of money and production in the country.
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The Impact of Income Inequality on Imports in Selected Member Countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
Import is one of the important commercial and economic activities in all countries, which has been prevalent among different societies for the purpose of meeting the needs of the society for a long time, and paying attention to this economic activity in the progress and development of each country is known to be important and vital. Import helps the progress and development of countries when the factors affecting it are considered. In most of the empirical studies, the import of goods and services is a function of the per capita income and real exchange rate, and the impact of the intensity of income inequality on imports has been less investigated. However, the increase in income inequality increases the purchasing power of high-income groups and increases the demand of elastic goods, especially luxury goods, and changes in the composition of domestic and imported consumer goods. The present research has investigated the effect of inequality of income on import in selected ECO member countries (Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) during the period of (2001-2020) using method of generalized least squares (GLS). In this study, Per capita income, real exchange rate and income inequality have been considered as factors affecting imports. The obtained results indicate the existence of a positive and significant relationship between income inequality and imports in the countries under study. In addition, the relationship between per capita income and import is also positive and significant in these countries, but the relationship between real exchange rate and import is not significant.
Evaluation of Health Indicators of Khalmezbank Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (Bakhtar Bank) Before and After its Conversion to Islamic Banking.
The banking system plays a crucial role in the economy today, as banks collect individuals' capital and make it available to investors, thereby creating a conducive environment for economic growth and development in the country. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (Bakhtar Bank) before and after its conversion to Islamic bank. Based on the balance sheet data of the bank from 2015 to 2020, the study examines and compares the banking health index of the Islamic Bank and the former Bakhtar Bank. Additionally, the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan is compared to the Afghanistan National Bank, the International Bank of Afghanistan, Afghan United Bank, and Ghazanfar Bank, which operate in a mixed manner. Furthermore, the study investigates the contracts present in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan. The analytical-descriptive method has been employed in this research. The results indicate that Bakhtar Bank performs better than the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan in terms of capital adequacy, management quality, and profitability, while the liquidity index is higher in the Islamic Bank compared to Bakhtar Bank. The capital adequacy and management quality indices of the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (former Bakhtar Bank) are higher compared to mixed banks, particularly the International Bank of Afghanistan, and lower compared to other banks. The profitability index is higher in mixed banks than in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan, and the liquidity index is lower in all mixed banks compared to the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan. The contracts used in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan are Islamic contracts, and their transactions are free from usury (riba).
The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on the Economic Growth of Afghanistan (ARDL Approach)
Increasing economic growth is one of the most important goals of policies pursued by governments. Investigating the relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic growth is one of the important topics in macroeconomics literature. Therefore, the current research has investigated the effect of macroeconomic variables (unemployment rate, foreign direct investment, export, inflation, exchange rate, government spending) and the economic growth of Afghanistan during the years 2000-2019. For this purpose, in this research, long-term and short-term relationships between variables have been investigated using the ARDL. The results obtained from the estimation of short-term and long-term models show that there is a relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic growth. The results of the research explain that the variables of unemployment rate, inflation, exchange rate, foreign direct investment in the long and short term have shown a negative effect on Afghanistan's growth and the variable of export and government spending in the long and short term have a negative effect. It has shown a positive effect on Afghanistan's economic growth. The long-term model estimation results show that the export variable has the most positive effect on Afghanistan's economic growth, and the exchange rate and unemployment rate have the most negative effect on Afghanistan's economic growth.
University E-learning Model in Afghanistan
The purpose of this research was to provide a university E-learning model that is compatible to the existing conditions of the higher education system in Afghanistan, which was done with qualitative approach. In this exploratory-developmental research, the data collection tool was interview. The statistical population included the professors of Balkh and Samangan Universities with doctorate and master's degrees, preferably educated abroad, which formed a statistical sample of 20 people using the snowball method. Grounded theory technique with systematic approach was used to analyze and present the model. In the open coding stage, 212 initial codes were extracted and finally 72 concepts were explained, which formed the university e-learning model in Afghanistan in the form of 25 components and 15 categories. In the presented model as causal conditions; Education with the international standards in any situation-education at the lowest cost; as the background conditions; Software and hardware facilities-development and strengthening of the learning process; as important strategies; Financial and human support-choosing modern global learning and qualified education; as a central phenomenon; better learning-new attitude-adjustment of laws and austerity economy; as important consequences; Achieving the learning goals of the 21st century-more awareness and better environment-flourishing of talents with the ideal education and finally comprehensive education are among the categories of the university e-learning model in Afghanistan.
The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Exports and Imports of BRICS Member Countries During the Years 2000 to 2020.
Since the second half of the 20th century, with the entry of computers into the market and the transformation in the field of information and communication, the revolution of information and communication technology took place, and the application of the effect of information and communication technology on economic growth has become one of the controversial issues. In this research, the impact of information and communication technology on exports and imports has been investigated using a logarithmic model. It has been estimated that the GLS method was used to estimate the parameters, and the results showed a positive and significant impact of information and communication technology on the export and import of BRICS member countries, as well as the impact of information and communication variables on export and import. In case of a 1% increase in mobile phone users in these countries, exports will decrease by 0.899% and imports will increase by 0.341559%. In case of a 1% increase in fixed phone users in these countries, exports will be 0.2236% increases by 1% and import increases by 0.1860. In case of 1% increase in mobile internet users in these countries, export increases by 0.1242% and import decreases by 0.2314% and in case of 1% increase in Fast and fixed internet users in these countries, exports increase by 0.1560% and imports increase by 0.0422%.
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Determinants of Vulnerability to Poverty in Afghanistan
The present study is devoted to identify the factors and forces that are responsible for keeping some households in poverty whereas enables other to escape low level of living and poverty in the country. In fact, the information on the probable causes of poverty and vulnerability is crucial and a pre-requisite to design the most appropriate strategy for mitigating poverty and vulnerability of the households. Policies need to be initiated to overcome the potential causes of trapping people in poverty whereas initiatives also need to be undertaken to capacitate people to escape poverty or enable them to keep above the poverty threshold level. Such factors and forces are likely to be specific characteristics of the households themselves and specific attributes associated with the overall socio-economic environment where household happens to be located. In fact such environmental attributes tend to affect households differently through exchange entitlements of the household endowments in the market (Sen, 1971). Therefore, we propose to test the role of both household specific and its environmental related factors as potential determinants of household poverty and vulnerability in Afghanistan.
The Impact of Consumer Price Index on Foreign Exchange Reserves of Afghanistan
The Foreign Exchange Reserves (FERs) are important tool and source of financing for the state of national development used for balance of payment and maintains in foreign currencies by the central bank of Afghanistan. In addition, Inflation is measured by Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the change in price of a basket of goods and services bought by a group of households. This study investigated the impact of CPI on foreign exchange reserves of Afghanistan and used regression model. The time series data was collected from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) website and is monthly (2014– 2020). Moreover, the data was normalized by using Log. The results indicate that CPI has a negative association with FERs in Afghanistan as CPI increases, FER decreases and vice versa. The government may improve FERs while boosting the country's economy and may consider different strategies to monitor inflation.
Economic Management and Its Role in Child Upbringing
This paper explores the role and impact of economic management of household and child upbringing. The main aim is to highlight the significant role of “household economics” and “child upbringing” in human economic life. Additionally, a substantial portion of “household economics” is allocated to the expenses related to children. The main question addressed is whether parents' economic management of their children has a positive impact on household economics and their children's upbringing. It is assumed that as one of God’s creations who possesses the blessings of intellect and education, humans have a responsibility to be sensitive and serious about their own economy and that of their children. The findings of this research indicate that the economic management of children plays a fundamental role in household economics and child upbringing. This is because a portion of the family’s expenses is attributed to the expenses related to children. Parents have the duty to provide education and upbringing to their children during childhood, adolescence, and youth, taking the aspect of “economic upbringing” seriously. By implementing proper economic management, they can create the conditions for a healthy and well-educated society. This paper employs analytical and descriptive methods and relies on relevant sources to emphasize the importance of considering factors such as children’s age when providing daily expenses, meeting basic needs, guiding savings, teaching proper purchasing management, and moderating consumption. It also emphasizes the responsible role parents play in guiding and managing their children as responsible members of society. Based on the significant findings of this research, parents, especially fathers, should guide their children towards moderation, prudence, avoiding extravagance, emphasizing savings, investment, budget constraints, planning, decision-making, freedom of choice, and monitoring their behavior. Furthermore, they should focus on educating and increasing the knowledge and cultural level of family members and, most importantly, paying attention to developing and strengthening economic growth of the family. The management and upbringing of children can have material, spiritual, and social effects and consequences. On the other hand, it is evident that economic management and upbringing have a direct relationship with the standard of living and poverty reduction in society. In this regard, children, with their productive and innovative abilities, can contribute to society as productive individuals in the short term, impacting the economic capabilities of the community as a whole.
The Impact of Knowledge-Based Human Resource Management with the Mediating Role of Intellectual Capital and Social Capital on Innovation in Afghan Manufacturing Companies
Objective: Effective and efficient knowledge management is considered an important factor in achieving sustainable competitive advantage for organizations. This study aims to analyze the impact of knowledge-based human resource management with the mediating role of intellectual capital and social capital on innovation in manufacturing companies in Afghanistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: To examine the relationship of knowledge-based human resource management on intellectual capital, social capital, and innovation, a structural equation modeling approach is used based on data collected from managers of manufacturing companies in Afghanistan. The research instrument is a questionnaire consisting of 109 questions. Among them, 5 questions are for demographic purposes, 26 questions aim to assess the knowledge management process, 40 questions for intellectual capital, 21 questions for social capital, and 17 questions for innovation. The questionnaire is distributed to managers of Afghan manufacturing companies. Findings: The results indicate that knowledge-based human resource management has a direct and significant impact on intellectual capital and social capital, but it does not have a direct and significant impact on innovation. However, knowledge-based human resource management has a significant positive relationship with innovation through the mediating role of social and intellectual capital. Practical Implications: The scientific implications of this research lead to the development of knowledge-based human resource management, intellectual capital, social capital, and innovation in companies. Effective and implemented knowledge management can contribute to advances in the innovation performance of companies. The findings can be utilized by specialists and managers interested in advancing knowledge-based human resource management that leads to innovation.
The Impact of the Tourism Industry on Income Distribution in Selected Developing Countries during 2010-2020
Equitable income distribution and efforts to reduce inequality are among the most important concerns of societies in the contemporary world. Developing countries are seeking income-generating resources while simultaneously striving to reduce income inequalities. The tourism industry, as one of the most significant income and employment-generating sectors, can contribute to the achievement of both employment and income goals simultaneously. This study examines the impact of the tourism industry on income distribution in selected developing countries during the period 2010-2020, using a combined data approach. The results of the estimation indicate a significant negative relationship between income derived from the tourism industry and the Gini coefficient. Therefore, an increase in the number of tourists leads to a reduction in income inequality and consequently improves income distribution. To sustain this effect, tourism growth should benefit productive factors with lower income levels. Hence, the development and structure of the tourism industry are crucial, especially considering that tourism development can serve as a way out of the single-product economy for selected developing countries. Consequently, these countries can not only improve income distribution through traditional and well-known income distribution resources such as taxes, subsidies, and investments in human resources but also through the expansion of the tourism industry.
Investigating the Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Business Environment in BRICS Countries from 2000 to 2020
One of the most important applications of information and communication technology (ICT) is in the field of economics. The impact of ICT on this field can be observed through various ways. The business environment is one of the key elements of a country's economic environment that is influenced by ICT. Therefore, this article examines the impact of ICT on the business environment in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2020. The data is extracted from the World Bank website, the statistical database of trade, and the Heritage Foundation. The research model is estimated using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method. The findings confirm the main hypothesis of the study, which states that there is a positive and significant impact of the ICT index on the business environment in BRICS countries. Specifically, with a one-unit increase in the ICT index, the business environment index increases by 0.8245 units in BRICS countries. This indicates that the studied countries have effectively utilized the advantages and capabilities of ICT to improve their business environment.
Information and Communication Technology
A Comparative Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Banking
The performance of banks across different countries exhibits varying outcomes. These disparities can be attributed to the efficiency of banks in mobilizing and allocating resources, as well as the absence of various regulatory constraints between banks and the public. The prohibition of interest in Islam, coupled with its pivotal role in economic discourse as a linchpin connecting goods and services markets, the money market, and the balance of payments, has posed a significant challenge to Islamic societies and Muslims. As a potential solution to this dilemma, Islamic banking has been introduced in numerous Islamic countries and even in some non-Islamic nations, either on a nationwide or regional scale. Despite its inherent challenges, limitations, and shortcomings, Islamic banking offers distinct advantages compared to conventional banking.This research adopts an analytical-descriptive approach and employs a library research methodology. By drawing on various sources, the study delves into a comparative analysis of Islamic and conventional banking systems. Islamic banking, fundamentally rooted in Islamic culture and knowledge, is an integral component of a broader framework. The findings suggest that a comparative analysis of resource mobilization and allocation methods in conventional and Islamic banking reveals a greater diversity of resource mobilization methods and incentive tools within the Islamic banking system. However, the incentive tools employed in the conventional banking system are generally more robust and stable.
Successes and challenges of Islamic banking
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Examination of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the Islamic Economic System with a System Dynamics Approach
The aim of this research is to examine monetary and fiscal policies within Islamic economics, utilizing system dynamics to analyze the pathways through which money supply, government revenues, and government expenditures influence the economy. This method employs causal relationships to enhance the understanding of how fiscal and monetary policies operate in an Islamic economic framework. Findings in the area of monetary policy indicate that its impact is mediated through variables such as investment, consumption, and exchange rates. Furthermore, in Islamic economics, the government can utilize fixed and variable profit rates instead of interest rates. In terms of fiscal policy, results show that Islamic governments tend to face lower budget deficits due to the existence of various revenue sources beyond taxation. Additionally, through the application of fiscal policies in Islamic economics, the government can also control inflation within society.
The Relationship Between the Supervisory Role of Inspectors in the Supreme Audit Office and the Enhancement of Administrative Integrity in Afghanistan
Administrative health is a broad term used in contrast to administrative corruption; essentially, it refers to a system free from corruption. Corruption cannot be solely combatted through auditing and transparency. However, implementing a combination of social, economic, and auditing methods can mitigate or eliminate the conditions conducive to corruption. Given the importance of this issue and the need to emphasize the supervisory role of auditors in enhancing administrative health, this research examines the relationship between the supervisory role of the Inspectorate General of Afghanistan and the improvement of administrative health in the country. The statistical population of the study consists of inspectors from the Inspectorate General, including chief inspectors, audit officers, and audit heads, totaling 288 individuals. Using the sample size formula, a sample size of 165 was determined at a 95% confidence level for distributing the questionnaire. To collect data, a questionnaire containing 25 questions aligned with the research objectives was used. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by experts and stakeholders (heads, officers, chief inspectors, and inspectors) within the study population. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the questionnaire's reliability, with each index scoring between 75% and 77%, indicating adequate reliability for all questionnaire indices. For data analysis, frequency distribution, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and significance level were employed, with SPSS software as the primary tool. The results indicate a positive and significant correlation between the supervisory role of the Inspectorate General inspectors (professional ethics and conduct of auditors, planning, oversight of internal controls, and oversight of internal auditors) and administrative health.
The Impact of Government Size on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Selected G20 Countries
The role of government in the economy has long been a subject of debate among economists and various economic schools. Most economists consider the most important tasks of the state to include security, public services, health, and education. However, some believe these tasks are insufficient and advocate for more extensive state involvement in the economy, including production, distribution, economic policymaking, and price control. This paper examines the effect of government size on the economic growth of selected G20 member states over the period from 1990 to 2018, using the Panel data model. In this study, government spending is defined as a percentage of GDP, with the second power of government spending used as an indicator of government size. The results show that government size has a direct and significant effect on economic growth, while the second power of government size has a negative impact on economic growth. Additionally, the formation of gross fixed capital has had a positive impact on economic growth.
The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Economic Growth and Inflation in SAARC Member Countries: A Study of 2002-2020
The exchange rate and its impacts are one of the challenges and important topics in macroeconomics that developed and developing countries strive to control economic shocks such as inflation while maintaining exchange rate stability and creating a conducive environment for sustainable economic growth. Exchange rate fluctuations can have extensive effects on economic growth and inflation rates, posing significant challenges for economic policymakers, business managers, and consumers. Therefore, this research examines the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth and inflation rates in the SAARC member countries during the years 2020-2002. The data is extracted from the World Bank and Heritage Foundation websites, and the research models are estimated using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method. The findings indicate that the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth in SAARC member countries was not statistically significant. However, it has a positive and significant impact on the inflation of this group of countries. Therefore, it is recommended for SAARC member countries to control exchange rate fluctuations to manage inflation.
The Impact of Digital Marketing Practice on the Banking Performance in Afghanistan (Evidence from Ghazanfar Bank)
This study examines the impact of digital marketing practices specifically email marketing, social network marketing, mobile phone marketing, and website marketing on banking performance, using Ghazanfar Bank in Afghanistan. The objective is to determine which digital marketing components most significantly enhance banking performance. A quantitative approach was adopted, using a structured questionnaire administered to bank employees. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression to assess the relationships between digital marketing tools and performance indicators. The results reveal that all four digital marketing components have a positive and statistically significant effect on banking performance (p < 0.05). Among them, website marketing demonstrated the strongest impact (β = 0.236, p = 0.011), underscoring the critical role of a user-friendly and informative online presence. Email marketing also showed a significant influence (β = 0.129, p = 0.037), followed by mobile phone marketing (β = 0.066, p = 0.044) and social network marketing (β = 0.079, p = 0.045). The model’s R-squared value was 0.127, indicating that approximately 12.7% of the variation in banking performance can be explained by these digital marketing practices. Website marketing showed the strongest impact, highlighting the importance of a user-friendly and informative online presence. Email marketing also contributed meaningfully, while mobile and social media marketing had moderate but significant effects. The study concludes that integrating these tools can improve customer engagement, service delivery, and competitiveness. It recommends prioritizing website development alongside multichannel digital strategies to optimize performance in Afghanistan’s evolving financial sector.
Identifying Barriers to Rural Entrepreneurship Development in Afghanistan (A Case Study: Farah Province)
Rural entrepreneurship is considered one of the fundamental strategies for poverty reduction, job creation, and achieving sustainable development in rural communities of developing countries. Afghanistan, despite significant potential in agriculture, natural resources, and a young workforce, still faces extensive challenges in developing entrepreneurship in rural areas. This research aims to identify the main obstacles to entrepreneurship development in Farah Province. The research method was qualitative, based on semistructured interviews conducted with 130 local entrepreneurs, tribal elders, government officials, students, teachers, and other informed individuals. Samples were selected purposefully, and data analysis was carried out using the qualitative content analysis method. The research findings indicate that rural entrepreneurship development in Farah Province faces a range of structural, economic, social, and institutional barriers. The most important of these obstacles include: lack of security and political stability, limited access to financial resources, severe weakness in infrastructure, absence of a clear support system, low levels of education and skills, cultural and social limitations, lack of stable markets, absence of entrepreneurship development centers, and legal and regulatory challenges. These obstacles are interconnected and have led to a reduction in motivation, opportunities, and economic growth capacity in rural communities. Based on the findings, the research emphasizes the necessity of adopting a multidimensional and coordinated approach among governmental, local, and private institutions to empower rural entrepreneurs. Establishing support centers, improving access to funding, reforming regulations, and strengthening the culture of entrepreneurship are among the key solutions proposed by this study.
A Comparative Study of the Concept of Pareto Optimality in Conventional and Islamic Economics
One of the fundamental concepts in conventional economic theories is "Pareto efficiency," which is recognized as a criterion for economic efficiency in resource allocation. This criterion is based on the principle of increasing individual utility without decreasing the utility of others and holds a special place in classical economic analyses. However, criticisms have been leveled against this criterion by justice-oriented schools of thought, especially Islamic economics. The present study, with a comparative approach, analyzes the conceptual and evaluative aspects of Pareto efficiency from the perspectives of Islamic economics and conventional economics. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-analytical, and data was collected through documentary methods using valid scientific sources. The findings indicate that while conventional economics seeks allocative efficiency within a free market framework, Islamic economics emphasizes the integration of justice, efficiency, and Sharia legitimacy. In fact, Islamic economics replaces the purely technical concept of Pareto optimality with "ethical optimization." Furthermore, an examination of modern global economic theories such as sustainable development and human wellbeing reveals a growing tendency towards justice-oriented models, which aligns with the foundations of Islamic economics. Consequently, a re-evaluation of the concept of economic optimization and the presentation of an integrated Islamic-human-centered model can be an effective step towards justice-oriented economic development in the contemporary world.
The Effects of Remittances on Inflation Rates in Selected Developing Countries (2002–2022)
This study examines the impact of financial remittances on inflation rates in selected developing countries over the period 2002 to 2022. Remittances, as a significant source of foreign income, play an effective role in improving household living standards and reducing poverty. However, these financial inflows may have complex effects on macroeconomic indicators, particularly inflation. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between remittances and inflation. To achieve this, panel data from five selected countries [Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and India] were collected. The research methodology is based on an econometric model using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) approach. Data were obtained from reputable international sources such as the World Bank, and unit root and cointegration tests were conducted to validate the models.The results show that government expenditures, nominal effective exchange rate, and money supply have a positive and significant impact on inflation, whereas remittances have no statistically significant effect on inflation. This finding indicates that in the studied countries, remittances do not play either an inflationary or deflationary role. Therefore, policymakers should focus on the effective management of fiscal and monetary policies, stabilization of the exchange rate, and directing foreign exchange resources towards productive investments. Additionally, strengthening economic infrastructure can help enhance readiness to deal with the potential impacts of remittances on inflation in the future. The findings may serve as a basis for further research in this field.
Seller's obligations Delivery of the goods
International Sales of Goods (CISG) Convention
Analyzing the Impact of Age Structure on Economic Growth in Selected South Asian Countries from 2000 to 2023
Economic growth is one of the most important indicators of sustainable development in developing countries, particularly in the South Asian region. This study investigates the impact of population age structure on economic growth in selected South Asian countries during the period 2000–2023. To analyze this relationship accurately and avoid multicollinearity among explanatory variables, panel econometric models are employed in two separate specifications. Findings from the first model reveal that variables such as the working-age population, youth population, elderly population, and savings rate have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. In contrast, school enrollment and trade openness exhibit a negative and significant effect. The second model confirms the positive and significant influence of variables including the working-age population, middle-aged population, old-age dependency ratio, trade openness, and savings rate on economic growth. The positive effect of the old-age dependency ratio in some countries may be attributed to factors such as elderly investment, economic participation, technological advancement, labor migration, and increased government spending. However, the negative and significant effect of school enrollment persists, potentially reflecting inefficiencies in education and trade policies or the short-term economic costs of schooling. The findings suggest that to effectively harness the region’s demographic and economic potential, policymakers should focus on improving education quality, expanding job opportunities for youth, developing economic infrastructure, enhancing labor productivity, and reforming trade policies.
The Impact of Government Fiscal Policies on Employment Levels in Afghanistan (2001–2022)
Governments can influence economic conditions by employing various economic policies, among which fiscal policy plays a key role. Utilizing its two main instruments—taxation and government expenditure—fiscal policy enables governments to implement contractionary or expansionary measures to manage the economy. In times of recession, expansionary fiscal policy can serve as an effective tool to address economic challenges such as unemployment. This study aims to examine the impact of government fiscal policy on employment levels in Afghanistan during the period 2001 –2022. The research uses time series data collected from reliable sources such as the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance. Data analysis was conducted using a classical multiple regression model estimated through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method in EViews software. Prior to model estimation, essential statistical tests for time series data—such as stationarity, normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and homoscedasticity—were performed. The findings reveal that while fiscal policy contributed to employment growth in certain sectors—particularly construction and services—it did not have a statistically significant overall impact on employment levels throughout the studied period. Moreover, the effectiveness of fiscal policy has been constrained by challenges such as administrative corruption and inadequate infrastructure. The results of this research provide valuable insights for Afghan policymakers to improve fiscal policy implementation and promote sustainable employment and economic development in the country.
Government expenditure, Tax, Employment, Financial policy, GDP
The Impact of Social Media Use on Employee's Commitment in Non-Governmental Organizations in Afghanistan (A Case Study of International Medical Corps)
The rapid growth of social media has significantly influenced information accessibility, providing ideal platforms for connection and collaboration across various sectors including non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The aim of this research is to study the impact of social media use on employee commitment among employees working at the International Medical Corps (IMC). Data was collected with a structured questionnaire from 88 employees at the International Medical Corps (IMC). The Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. The result revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between social media & employees' commitment. The findings show that social media has the potential as an effective tool for fostering communication and enhancing workplace dynamics.
The Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee’s Job Satisfaction (A Case Study of Afghan Telecom)
This study examines the impact of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles on employee job satisfaction within Afghan Telecom. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings reveal that transformational leadership has the most substantial positive influence on employee job satisfaction, as it fosters trust, motivation, and individualized consideration, creating a supportive work environment. Transactional leadership demonstrates a moderate positive impact, primarily through structured systems and reward mechanisms, though it lacks a focus on long-term employee development. Conversely, laissez-faire leadership exhibits a weak negative association with job satisfaction, as the absence of direction and feedback leads to role ambiguity and dissatisfaction. These findings underscore the critical role of transformational leadership in enhancing employee satisfaction and retention, particularly in the complex organizational and socio-economic context of Afghan Telecom.
Laissez-Faire Leadership and Job Satisfaction