Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management
The Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management, published by Kateb University, is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal that follows a double-blind review process. It is issued on a biannual basis and provides open access to its full content. The journal specializes in the fields of trade economics, business administration, and public administration, with a focus on both Afghanistan and the broader international context. The primary mission of the journal is to advance the production and exchange of knowledge in economics and management through the regular publication of high-quality scientific research. It seeks to foster academic collaboration, address contemporary economic and managerial challenges across societies—particularly in Afghanistan—and contribute to the expansion of knowledge frontiers while offering evidence-based solutions for sustainable development. The journal welcomes both original research articles and review papers from scholars that explore significant aand emerging issues in its areas of focus. Submissions must be original, unpublished, and not under review by other journals. General Information Title (English): Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management Title (Persian): مجله بین المللی اقتصاد و مدیریت کاتب Publisher/Owner: Kateb University Publishing Body: Kateb University Scope: Trade Economics, Business Administration, Public Administration Peer-Review Model: Double-Blind Review Year of Establishment: 2013 (originally launched as Kateb Scientific Quarterly) Date of National Accreditation: 13/05/2021 Accreditation/Rank: Recognized as a National Scientific-Research Journal (Ministry of Higher Education, Afghanistan) Average Time for Initial Review: Approximately 10 days Average Peer-Review and Acceptance Period: 2–3 months (minimum of two referees) Publication Frequency: Biannual (two issues per year) Languages of Publication: Persian (Dari) and English Format: Electronic and limited print edition Access Policy: Free and Open Access (full text) Print ISSN: 3006-6085 Online ISSN: 3006-6093 Citation Style: APA (6th Edition)
Factors Influencing Purchase Decisions and Brand Preferences of FMCG Consumers in Kabul
Consumer buying behavior plays a critical role in shaping market performance, particularly in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. This study investigates the determinants of purchase decisions and brand preferences among FMCG consumers in Kabul, Afghanistan. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 381 end consumers accessed via distribution centers through structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including descriptive measures, correlation, and multiple regression, revealed that product quality and price fairness are the strongest predictors of consumer purchase decisions. Brand related factors such as awareness, loyalty, and trust also significantly influence consumer choices, though their practical effects are modest. In contrast, socio cultural influences (family and peer recommendations) were hypothesized to matter but did not emerge as statistically significant, suggesting that product and brand considerations dominate consumer behavior in Kabul’s FMCG market. The findings highlight the importance of competitive pricing, consistent product quality, and trustworthy branding as essential strategies for FMCG firms, while socio cultural engagement may play a reinforcing though indirect role. Practical implications emphasize the need for tailored marketing strategies that account for demographic diversity, brand equity, and supply chain reliability in Afghanistan’s evolving urban economy.
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Assessment of E-Banking Service Quality and User Satisfaction among Paktia University Staff
This study examined the perceived level of service quality and customer satisfaction among e-banking users at Paktia University staff. Therefore, it is important to assess the service quality of electronic banking and the satisfaction level of its users at Paktia University. This quantitative study surveyed 198 Paktia University staff using a reliable, self-developed questionnaire measuring service quality and satisfaction. A one-sample t-test was conducted to determine whether the mean scores of service quality and satisfaction significantly differed from their respective hypothesized test values. The results revealed that the mean service quality score (M = 22.56, SD = 2.37) was significantly higher than the test value of 13 (t=197) = 56.86, p < .001), indicating a strong perception of high service quality. Similarly, the mean satisfaction score (M = 13.74, SD = 1.35) was significantly greater than the test value of 8 (t =197) = 59.88, p < .001), suggesting a high level of customer satisfaction. The findings demonstrate that e-banking users at Paktia University perceive both service quality and customer satisfaction to be significantly high, reflecting a positive outlook toward electronic banking services at Paktia University. The banking sector should maintain these positive standards and improve these standards that make customer more loyal to their services.
Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policy Programs in Afghanistan: A Qualitative Research Study
Poverty in Afghanistan is a multidimensional and structural phenomenon shaped by economic, institutional, social, and cultural factors. Despite the implementation of numerous relief and development programs, a significant portion of poverty reduction policies in the country has focused on short-term aid and income-based poverty measurement, with less attention paid to designing a comprehensive public policy framework. The main question of this research is what strategies and programs can be considered by policymakers for sustainable poverty reduction in Afghanistan. This qualitative study employs qualitative content analysis for data analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 40 experts, including public managers, researchers, university academics, and policy practitioners in the fields of economics and public policy. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and the interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted based on initial coding, concept extraction, category formation, and identification of main themes. The findings identify three complementary policy pillars: regulatory policy, facilitative-supportive policy, and promotional policy. Regulatory policy emphasizes policy stability, administrative transparency, anti-corruption measures, a reliable legal system, and poverty-sensitive budgeting. Facilitative-supportive policy focuses on improving the business environment, directing credit to productive sectors, strengthening value chains, and expanding targeted social protection. Promotional policy highlights vocational education, economic literacy, work culture, community participation, and social capital. The research concludes that sustainable poverty reduction in Afghanistan requires synchronized institutional reforms, employment-oriented economic policies, and socio-cultural interventions. Without rebuilding public trust, strengthening local participation, and enhancing productive capacities, poverty alleviation programs are unlikely to achieve long-term impact. The proposed framework offers a context-sensitive roadmap for policymakers seeking integrated and sustainable poverty reduction strategies in fragile and developing economies.
Empirical Analysis of Job Satisfaction Among Employees of Private Offices: (Case Study of Kabul City)
This study was conducted to examine the level of job satisfaction among employees of private sector organizations in Kabul and to identify the factors influencing it. Given the lack of comprehensive studies in Afghanistan's private sector, this research seeks to fill the existing gap in the literature by simultaneously analyzing six key determinants: work environment, nature of work, relationships with colleagues, promotion opportunities, salary and compensation, and management style. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 384 employees of private sector organizations in Kabul, with the sample size determined using Cochran's formula. The study adopts a quantitative research approach, and data analysis was carried out using statistical techniques, including normality tests (Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk) and one-sample t-tests. The findings indicate that the overall mean of job satisfaction is 3.324 (on a 5-point scale), reflecting a moderate to relatively high level of satisfaction. The highest levels of satisfaction were associated with the nature of work and organizational relationships, whereas the lowest levels were related to salary and compensation as well as promotion opportunities. The results of this study provide valuable insights for managers and policymakers, enabling them to improve working conditions and enhance workforce productivity.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Entrepreneurship in Selected East Asian Countries During the Period 2014–2024
This study investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on entrepreneurship in selected East Asian countries (China, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea) over the period 2014 to 2024. The research method employed is the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), and the data were analyzed using EViews software. The results of the dynamic panel model indicate that entrepreneurship has a dynamic nature and strong temporal dependence, such that the level of entrepreneurship in the previous period significantly influences entrepreneurial activities in the current period. FDI has a coefficient of -0.34. The negative sign of this coefficient suggests that an increase in FDI inflows during the study period has been associated with a relative decline in domestic entrepreneurship levels. The economic growth variable has a coefficient of 0.48 and is statistically highly significant, playing a considerable role in strengthening entrepreneurship; an increase in the size of the economy leads to the expansion of innovative activities and business development. In contrast, the inflation coefficient is -0.12. The negative sign of this coefficient indicates that a rise in inflation has an adverse effect on entrepreneurship. Inflation, through increasing economic uncertainty, reducing purchasing power, and raising production costs, can weaken the incentives for investment and entrepreneurial activities.
Investigating the role of Entrepreneurship Education on the Entrepreneurial Intention of Students at Universities in Kabul City
The study of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education has gained significant importance over the past few decades due to its impact on students' entrepreneurial intentions. One of the key issues in this field is entrepreneurship education and its role in an individual's transformation into a successful entrepreneur. Therefore, this research investigates the role of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intentions of students at universities in Kabul, Afghanistan. The statistical population consisted of 200 undergraduate students who had completed entrepreneurship theory courses and entrepreneurship projects. The research method is applied in nature. A questionnaire was used for data collection, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed for data analysis. The results indicate a direct and significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the variables of personal attitude toward entrepreneurship and perceived feasibility (self-efficacy) play a mediating role and show significant relationships between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. In contrast, the variable of perceived social norms regarding entrepreneurship does not have a significant mediating effect between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention.
The Impact of Business Environment on Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Selected Islamic Countries
In recent decades, the role of entrepreneurship in fostering economic growth and sustainable development, particularly within Islamic countries, has gained increasing attention. Serving as the foundation for economic and entrepreneurial activities, the business environment enhances efficiency and factor productivity, ultimately leading to wealth creation, technological advancement, and productive job creation. Therefore, establishing a favorable business environment is a fundamental prerequisite for entrepreneurial development. Empirical evidence and reports from international institutions, such as the World Bank, demonstrate that the quality of the business environment exerts a direct influence on the expansion of entrepreneurial activities. Consequently, this study employs a panel data model to examine the impact of the business environment on entrepreneurship across four selected Islamic countries (Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, and Indonesia) over the period 2006–2020. The results indicate that the 'Ease of Doing Business Index' possesses a positive and significant coefficient. This implies that reducing administrative barriers, corruption, and legal complexities, alongside enhancing the ease of starting a business, leads to increased business ownership. Furthermore, the positive coefficient of this index suggests that improving the business environment enhances individuals' motivation and capacity to establish and register businesses. Moreover, control variables such as the unemployment rate and Gross Capital Formation (GCF) demonstrate significant effects on entrepreneurship. Specifically, an increase in unemployment correlates with a decline in entrepreneurial activities, whereas an increase in Gross Capital Formation exhibits a positive relationship with the growth of such activities, highlighting the crucial role of the macroeconomic environment in strengthening entrepreneurship.
An Analysis of Afghanistan’s Gross Domestic Product Over the Past Decade and Policy Recommendations for Its Enhancement
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the fundamental indicators for analyzing a country’s economic status and is composed of three main sectors: agriculture, industry, and services. This paper aims to analyze Afghanistan’s GDP portfolio by examining the perspectives, historical background, roles of each sector, and assessing the share and performance of these sectors over the past decade. The study is quantitative in nature and, using statistical data and comparative analyses, evaluates the actual contribution of each sector to the country’s economic growth through analytical and descriptive methods.This research is conducted to provide policy recommendations and evaluate strategies for Afghanistan’s economic growth. The findings indicate that although the services sector holds a larger share of GDP, the industrial sector possesses greater strategic advantages in terms of generating sustainable value added, creating productive employment, enhancing exports, and linking with other sectors. Its capacity to stimulate long-term economic growth is more pronounced. The analysis clearly confirms that strengthening the industrial sector should be prioritized in the country’s economic policymaking, as it can serve as a key driver for Afghanistan’s sustainable development.
The Impact of the Human Development Index, Inflation, and Economic Growth on Unemployment in Afghanistan (2002–2023)
Unemployment has been one of the fundamental economic and social challenges in Afghanistan over the past two decades. Despite efforts made to improve key macroeconomic indicators, this challenge continues to persist in the country. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of the human development index (HDI), inflation, and economic growth on the unemployment rate in Afghanistan during the period 2002–2023. This research adopts a quantitative approach and employs time-series econometric methods. The model is estimated using multiple regression with heteroskedasticity correction based on the Newey–West (HAC) method. The results indicate that economic growth has a negative and statistically significant effect on unemployment; specifically, a one-percent increase in economic growth leads to an average decrease of about 0.063 percent in the unemployment rate. In contrast, the human development index and the inflation rate do not show statistically significant effects on unemployment in Afghanistan. The findings suggest that economic growth alone is not a sufficient condition for reducing unemployment, and the effectiveness of the human development index is realized only when the labor market structure and the country’s skill formation system are aligned with the actual needs of the economy.
The Impact of Interest Rate, Investment, Inflation and Consumption and on GDP of Selected SAARC Member Countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) from 2001 to 2022
Economic growth, as a main objective of macroeconomic policymaking in developing countries, necessitates a precise identification of the key macroeconomic determinants of GDP. This study investigates the effects of interest rates, investment, inflation, and consumption on the GDP of selected SAARC countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) over the period 2001–2022. The empirical analysis employs a panel data framework; following stationarity tests and the absence of evidence for a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables, the model is estimated in first differences using the fixed effects specification. To ensure efficiency and reliability of the estimated coefficients, the EGLS method with Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) is applied. The results indicate that investment exerts a positive and statistically significant impact, whereas inflation has a negative and significant effect on GDP in the studied countries; in contrast, interest rates and consumption do not exhibit statistically significant effects on economic growth during the analyzed period. Overall, the findings underscore the crucial role of productive investment and the necessity of maintaining price stability as fundamental preconditions for sustainable economic growth in South Asia, providing an empirical basis for evidence-informed economic policymaking in the region.
The Impact of Population Growth on Poverty in Southeast Asian Countries (1393-1403)
Poverty is one of the most significant development challenges in Southeast Asian countries, deeply intertwined with social, economic, and human structures. This phenomenon not only reflects income inequality and weaknesses in social support systems but also constitutes a serious barrier to sustainable growth and social justice. The present study aims to examine the impact of population growth on poverty in Southeast Asian countries during the period 1393–1403. The research employs the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method, using panel data regression models to analyze the relationships among variables. The data were extracted from international statistical sources and analyzed using EViews software. The results indicate that the health variable, with a coefficient of −1.571792 and a significance level of 0.0190, has a negative and significant effect on poverty, implying that improvements in health indicators and equitable access to healthcare services contribute to poverty reduction. Additionally, the education variable, with a coefficient of −0.287840 and a significance level of 0.0740, exhibits a negative and moderately significant effect, highlighting the role of educational investment in poverty alleviation. In contrast, population growth, with a coefficient of 0.991023 and a significance level of 0.0239, has a positive and significant effect on poverty, indicating that an increasing population exerts pressure on economic resources and exacerbates inequality. The findings suggest that coordinated health, education, and population policies can play an effective role in reducing poverty and enhancing welfare in Southeast Asian countries.
Assessing the Impact of Liquidity on Bank Profitability: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Banks in Afghanistan
This study examines the effect of liquidity on the profitability of banks. Profitability is measured through Return on Assets (ROA), while liquidity is analyzed using financial ratios such as the Quick Ratio (QR), Current Ratio (CR), and Cash Ratio. The size of the bank is considered as a control variable. The study uses data collected from nine banks—three state-owned and six private—over the five-year period from 2016 to 2020. Based on preliminary tests, data exhibits a panel structure and according to model specification tests result a Pooled OLS regression model has been employed, the findings indicate that return on asset (ROA) has a significant and positive relationship with both cash ratio and the current ratio, while it shows a negative and insignificant relationship with the quick ratio. Furthermore, this effect is not significant across large, medium and small banks, suggesting that bank size does not have a meaningful impact on asset returns. Additionally the result of the two-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA reveal that the impact of liquidity ratios on asset returns is more favorable in state-owned banks compared to private banks, with state-owned banks demonstrating a higher average return on assets. Ultimately, the result can be valuable not only for bank management but also for researchers and those interested in the banking sector.
Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Rural Entrepreneurship in Afghanistan
One of the fundamental concepts in conventional economic theories is "Pareto efficiency," which is recognized as a criterion for economic efficiency in resource allocation. This criterion is based on the principle of increasing individual utility without decreasing the utility of others and holds a special place in classical economic analyses. However, criticisms have been leveled against this criterion by justice-oriented schools of thought, especially Islamic economics. The present study, with a comparative approach, analyzes the conceptual and evaluative aspects of Pareto efficiency from the perspectives of Islamic economics and conventional economics. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-analytical, and data was collected through documentary methods using valid scientific sources. The findings indicate that while conventional economics seeks allocative efficiency within a free market framework, Islamic economics emphasizes the integration of justice, efficiency, and Sharia legitimacy. In fact, Islamic economics replaces the purely technical concept of Pareto optimality with "ethical optimization." Furthermore, an examination of modern global economic theories such as sustainable development and human well-being reveals a growing tendency towards justice-oriented models, which aligns with the foundations of Islamic economics. Consequently, a re-evaluation of the concept of economic optimization and the presentation of an integrated Islamic-human-centered model can be an effective step towards justice-oriented economic development in the contemporary world.
Examining the Relationship Between Employee’s Job Satisfaction and Performance: A Case Study of Administrative Employees at Kabul Education University
The study aims to examine and elucidate the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance among administrative employees at Kabul Education University. This study employed a descriptive–correlational design. Data were collected using two standardized instruments: The Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (1930), which comprises six dimensions and 19 items, and the Patterson Job Performance Questionnaire (1999), which includes 15 items. The population of this study consisted of 87 administrative employees of the university. Based on Cochran’s formula and employing a simple random sampling method, a sample of 86 participants was selected at a 99% confidence level. The findings indicated that the average level of job satisfaction among employees was above the midpoint. The highest levels of satisfaction were associated with the components of salary, nature of the job, opportunities for advancement, and physical conditions, while satisfaction with the organizational environment was at a moderate level. The lowest satisfaction was related to the leadership style component. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the job performance of the university’s administrative employees was above the average level; however, the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance was positive but not statistically significant.
The Impact of Microfinance on the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kabul (A Case Study of District 13)
This study aims to examine the impact of microfinance on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in District 13 of Kabul city. Given the significant role SMEs play in employment generation and economic dynamism in Afghanistan’s urban communities, they continue to face challenges such as limited access to financial resources, lack of proper credit infrastructure, and strict lending conditions from financial institutions. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of microfinance in enhancing SME performance is of great importance. The main objective of the research is to analyze how key components such as access to microloans, repayment terms, supplementary support (such as financial training and consulting), and credit rating systems influence performance indicators including profitability, sales growth, production capacity, and market expansion. This quantitative study collected data using a structured questionnaire, through simple random sampling from 302 owners and managers of SMEs in District 13 of Kabul. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and ANOVA. Findings reveal that microfinance has a significant and positive impact on SMEs’ financial and business performance. Moreover, flexible repayment conditions, financial literacy programs, and credit rating systems play a crucial role in building trust, reducing financial risk, and encouraging reinvestment. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of expanding the microfinance system as one of the most effective mechanisms for supporting small and medium-sized enterprises in urban areas like District 13 of Kabul.
Examining the Impact of Entrepreneurship on Income Distribution Inequality in Selected South Asian Countries (2003–2023)
Income inequality is considered one of the major challenges to sustainable development in developing countries. This study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurship on income distribution inequality in selected South Asian countries, namely India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, over the period 2003–2023. The data are collected from reliable international sources, including the World Bank, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), and the United Nations Human Development Reports. For empirical analysis, panel data techniques and a nonlinear regression model with economic and institutional control variables are employed. To address endogeneity and the dynamic nature of the relationships, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is applied. The entrepreneurship index is decomposed into necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in order to capture the qualitative dimension of entrepreneurial activities. The results indicate that entrepreneurship has a statistically significant and inequality-reducing effect on income distribution. Moreover, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship plays a more prominent role in improving income equality compared to necessity-driven entrepreneurship. The findings also confirm the existence of a stable long-run relationship among the variables of the model. These results highlight the importance of policy attention to the quality of entrepreneurship, strengthening the institutional environment, and providing targeted support for productive and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activities as effective instruments for reducing inequality and promoting inclusive growth in the South Asian region.
The Impact of Government Health Expenditures on Child Mortality in Afghanistan During the Years (2002–2024)
Child mortality is one of the major challenges within the human development index (HDI) framework, posing serious risks to the survival of children. Although the Government of Afghanistan and child-support organizations have implemented comprehensive programs and allocated financial resources to reduce child mortality, the child mortality rate in the country remains a subject of concern. The present study examines the impact of government expenditures on child mortality in Afghanistan during the period 2002–2024. This research employs the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. In the model used for this study, the child mortality rate (CMR) is considered a function of government per-capita health expenditures, per-capita gross domestic product, adult literacy rate, fertility rate, and urbanization rate. The findings of this study indicate that the effect of government health expenditures on child mortality in Afghanistan is negative and statistically significant. Specifically, an increase of one unit in per-capita government health expenditures leads to a decrease of 1.1217 units in the child mortality rate. Overall, the regression results show that several explanatory variables play an important role in explaining variations in the dependent variable. Among these variables, per-capita health expenditures, adult literacy rate, and urbanization rate have a negative and significant impact on the dependent variable. In contrast, the coefficients of women’s fertility rate and per-capita GDP are statistically insignificant; therefore, their definitive effects on the dependent variable cannot be asserted.
An Empirical Analysis of Imports, Exports, Exchange Rate and Inflation as Determinants of Economic Growth in Afghanistan
This study empirically examines the impact of inflation, exchange rate movements, imports, and exports on economic growth in Afghanistan using annual time-series data from 2003 to 2023. Economic growth is proxied by real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while inflation, exchange rate, exports, and imports are employed as explanatory variables. The study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework, which is appropriate given the mixed order of integration among the variables. The ARDL bounds test indicates the absence of a statistically significant long-run equilibrium relationship between GDP and the selected variables. This suggests that Afghanistan’s economic growth was not driven by stable long-term fundamentals, reflecting structural fragility, political instability, and dependence on external support. Consequently, the analysis focuses on short-run dynamics. Short-run estimates reveal that economic growth exhibits strong dependence on its own past values. Exports do not exert an immediate effect on GDP; however, lagged exports contribute positively to growth, indicating delayed export-led benefits. Imports have an insignificant impact on economic growth, suggesting that import patterns did not enhance productive capacity. Exchange rate fluctuations exert a significant short-run influence on GDP, while inflation has a negative but statistically insignificant effect. The study concludes that Afghanistan’s economic growth has been shaped primarily by short-term dynamics rather than long-term structural factors. Policy recommendations emphasize exchange rate stabilization, strengthening trade infrastructure, supporting domestic producers, expanding export markets, and promoting capital goods imports to enhance productive capacity.
Analyzing The Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance a Case Study of New Kabul Bank
This study investigates the impact of corporate governance practices on the firm performance of New Kabul Bank in Afghanistan. Specifically, it examines the effects of board structure and independence, audit committee effectiveness, transparency and disclosure, and shareholder rights and protection on the bank’s financial and operational performance. A quantitative research design was employed, and data was collected from 184 employees using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and inferential tests were conducted to examine the relationships between governance mechanisms and firm performance. The findings reveal that audit committee effectiveness and shareholder rights and protection have a significant positive impact on firm performance, highlighting their critical role in enhancing accountability, risk management, and stakeholder confidence. In contrast, transparency and disclosure, as well as board structure and independence, were found to have no statistically significant effect on performance, suggesting that these mechanisms may require stronger institutional support or cultural adaptation to influence outcomes effectively. The regression model explained 86% of the variance in firm performance (R² = 0.860), indicating that corporate governance practices collectively contribute substantially to organizational performance. The study concludes that targeted governance mechanisms that directly enhance oversight and investor protection are more effective in improving firm performance than structural reforms alone. Based on these findings, recommendations include strengthening audit committees, enhancing shareholder rights, and providing governance training to management and employees. The study is limited by its focus on single bank and cross-sectional design, and future research could expand to multiple banks, incorporate longitudinal data, and include additional governance variables for a more comprehensive analysis.
Investigating the Factors Affecting the Export of High Technology Product in emerging countries 2007-2017
The use of new technologies in the production of products by developed countries has reduced the production costs and increased corporate profits. So that in recent decades, the export of high-tech products has been considered as an important factor of economic growth. And it is one of the most important economic goals of developed and emerging countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the export of high-tech products in emerging economic countries (Malaysia, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Brazil, South Korea, Turkey and India) during the period of 2007-2017. random effects method for panel data was used for estimation. The results show that during the period under review, the variables of good governance (government effectiveness), degree of economic openness and real effective exchange rate have a positive and significant effect, but the variable of foreign investment has a negative and significant effect on Exports high-tech products. Among the variables under consideration, the variable of information and communication infrastructure (Internet) has no effect on the export of high-tech products.
Emerging Countries and Degree of Economic Openness.
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Investigating the Impact of Government Size on Gross Domestic Product in Afghanistan Using the Vector Regression (VAR) Model
Governments in terms of intervention in the economics of classical government begin and end in centralized planning government. The relationship between government spending and GDP is also unclear in economic theories. The statistics and performance of some developed and developing economies in the last few decades indicate that exceeding the size of the government required to provide basic services leads to a decline in GDP. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of government size on the GDP of Afghanistan based on the data of 1381–1958. For this purpose, the effects of state size have been investigated using the vector self-regression (VAR) model. Overall, the results indicate that the relationship between government size, total spending and GDP has a positive significant relationship. On the contrary, there is a significant negative relationship between labor and GDP, one of which is the lack of skilled labor in Afghanistan.
Investigating the effect of financial policy on inflation with emphasis on government expenditures In Afghanistan in the period (1381-1395)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of current and development expenditures as instruments of fiscal policy and exchange rate, real money supply and GDP on macroeconomic variables such as inflation in the Afghan economy, using annual data, during the period (2002-2011). Is. In this regard, the econometric model of vector regression was used. The results show that in the short run, real current expenditures, real liquidity, and exchange rates increase inflation in Afghanistan. While the increase in real development expenditures and GDP reduces inflation are also statistically significant; But in the long run, it is only the increase in GDP that will reduce inflation in the Afghan economy. Considering the results obtained, in the short run, in order to control inflation, the share of construction expenditures in the government budget should be increased, and in the long run, discipline in government expenditures is the most effective policy in controlling inflation.
Investigating the trend of scientific production in the field of entrepreneurial ecosystem: Bibliometric analysis
The purpose of this study is bibliometric analysis (bibliometrics) of scientific documents published in Scopus database on the subject of entrepreneurial ecosystem and drawing its scientific map in the period 1994–2020. Methods and resources used in this descriptive-analytical study, 624 scientific articles as a thematic search in the Scopus database with the subject of entrepreneurial ecosystem were bibliometric analysis. Data analysis was performed by the facilities of this database as well as VOS viewer software which is a social network analysis software. It shows that the subject of the entrepreneurial ecosystem has gone through four distinct stages from the beginning to the present. In the first period, scientists focused on the business environment and realized that external environment is also important for business growth. In the second period, they identified the components of the environment and tried to find the factors that affect. In the third period, scientists realized the complexities and various factors and dynamics of the environment and discussed the systemic approach and holism. In the fourth period, due to rapid changes in the environment and information technology in the present century, entrepreneurship as an ecosystem discussion for each region. And focused on digital startups. Entrepreneurship in general is a systemic and process discussion, which is why the ecosystem discussion has been raised.
Review of the relative advantage of agricultural product exports from Afghanistan (2005–2018)
Afghanistan is an agricultural country whose economy is also dependent on agriculture, but still, about two-thirds of Afghanistan's arable land is deprived of agriculture or is cultivated for a season due to mismanagement of water resources. On the other hand, for the growth of Afghanistan's economy, it is necessary to export its agricultural products to foreign markets in order to strengthen the country's economy. Due to the importance of this issue, this study has tried to examine the comparative advantage of saffron, apple and grape products, which are among the major agricultural products of Afghanistan among ECO member countries during the years 2005-2018. To measure the comparative advantage of agricultural products, Balasa comparative advantage index has been used and the results of cultivars calculated using Balasa comparative advantage index formula showed that the comparative advantage for all three products of saffron, apple and grape in the period 2005-2018. The results are 26.00952175, 38.7957636 and 38.58484423, respectively, which is higher than (1) for all three products, so the findings indicate that Afghanistan has a comparative advantage in the export of saffron, apples and grapes.
Income on the Impact of Monetary Policy Channels on Economic Variables Based on the Systemic Dynamic Approach
Monetary policy is a combination of the rules and actions that the central bank performs to achieve its goals. In many countries, the primary goal of monetary policy is price stability. However, some central banks also pursue other goals such as achieving full employment, maintaining domestic financial stability and instability in the balance of external payments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of monetary policy channels on economic variables with the systemic dynamics approach, which using causal-loops, simply explained the relations between variables and showed that monetary policy, at least in short term the real variables influences the economy, so policy makers must carefully apply monetary policy to control the volume of money and production in the country.
Copyright (c) 2023 Kateb International Journal of Economics and Management
The Impact of Income Inequality on Imports in Selected Member Countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
Import is one of the important commercial and economic activities in all countries, which has been prevalent among different societies for the purpose of meeting the needs of the society for a long time, and paying attention to this economic activity in the progress and development of each country is known to be important and vital. Import helps the progress and development of countries when the factors affecting it are considered. In most of the empirical studies, the import of goods and services is a function of the per capita income and real exchange rate, and the impact of the intensity of income inequality on imports has been less investigated. However, the increase in income inequality increases the purchasing power of high-income groups and increases the demand of elastic goods, especially luxury goods, and changes in the composition of domestic and imported consumer goods. The present research has investigated the effect of inequality of income on import in selected ECO member countries (Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) during the period of (2001-2020) using method of generalized least squares (GLS). In this study, Per capita income, real exchange rate and income inequality have been considered as factors affecting imports. The obtained results indicate the existence of a positive and significant relationship between income inequality and imports in the countries under study. In addition, the relationship between per capita income and import is also positive and significant in these countries, but the relationship between real exchange rate and import is not significant.
Evaluation of Health Indicators of Khalmezbank Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (Bakhtar Bank) Before and After its Conversion to Islamic Banking.
The banking system plays a crucial role in the economy today, as banks collect individuals' capital and make it available to investors, thereby creating a conducive environment for economic growth and development in the country. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (Bakhtar Bank) before and after its conversion to Islamic bank. Based on the balance sheet data of the bank from 2015 to 2020, the study examines and compares the banking health index of the Islamic Bank and the former Bakhtar Bank. Additionally, the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan is compared to the Afghanistan National Bank, the International Bank of Afghanistan, Afghan United Bank, and Ghazanfar Bank, which operate in a mixed manner. Furthermore, the study investigates the contracts present in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan. The analytical-descriptive method has been employed in this research. The results indicate that Bakhtar Bank performs better than the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan in terms of capital adequacy, management quality, and profitability, while the liquidity index is higher in the Islamic Bank compared to Bakhtar Bank. The capital adequacy and management quality indices of the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan (former Bakhtar Bank) are higher compared to mixed banks, particularly the International Bank of Afghanistan, and lower compared to other banks. The profitability index is higher in mixed banks than in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan, and the liquidity index is lower in all mixed banks compared to the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan. The contracts used in the Islamic Bank of Afghanistan are Islamic contracts, and their transactions are free from usury (riba).
The Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on the Economic Growth of Afghanistan (ARDL Approach)
Increasing economic growth is one of the most important goals of policies pursued by governments. Investigating the relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic growth is one of the important topics in macroeconomics literature. Therefore, the current research has investigated the effect of macroeconomic variables (unemployment rate, foreign direct investment, export, inflation, exchange rate, government spending) and the economic growth of Afghanistan during the years 2000-2019. For this purpose, in this research, long-term and short-term relationships between variables have been investigated using the ARDL. The results obtained from the estimation of short-term and long-term models show that there is a relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic growth. The results of the research explain that the variables of unemployment rate, inflation, exchange rate, foreign direct investment in the long and short term have shown a negative effect on Afghanistan's growth and the variable of export and government spending in the long and short term have a negative effect. It has shown a positive effect on Afghanistan's economic growth. The long-term model estimation results show that the export variable has the most positive effect on Afghanistan's economic growth, and the exchange rate and unemployment rate have the most negative effect on Afghanistan's economic growth.
University E-learning Model in Afghanistan
The purpose of this research was to provide a university E-learning model that is compatible to the existing conditions of the higher education system in Afghanistan, which was done with qualitative approach. In this exploratory-developmental research, the data collection tool was interview. The statistical population included the professors of Balkh and Samangan Universities with doctorate and master's degrees, preferably educated abroad, which formed a statistical sample of 20 people using the snowball method. Grounded theory technique with systematic approach was used to analyze and present the model. In the open coding stage, 212 initial codes were extracted and finally 72 concepts were explained, which formed the university e-learning model in Afghanistan in the form of 25 components and 15 categories. In the presented model as causal conditions; Education with the international standards in any situation-education at the lowest cost; as the background conditions; Software and hardware facilities-development and strengthening of the learning process; as important strategies; Financial and human support-choosing modern global learning and qualified education; as a central phenomenon; better learning-new attitude-adjustment of laws and austerity economy; as important consequences; Achieving the learning goals of the 21st century-more awareness and better environment-flourishing of talents with the ideal education and finally comprehensive education are among the categories of the university e-learning model in Afghanistan.
The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Exports and Imports of BRICS Member Countries During the Years 2000 to 2020.
Since the second half of the 20th century, with the entry of computers into the market and the transformation in the field of information and communication, the revolution of information and communication technology took place, and the application of the effect of information and communication technology on economic growth has become one of the controversial issues. In this research, the impact of information and communication technology on exports and imports has been investigated using a logarithmic model. It has been estimated that the GLS method was used to estimate the parameters, and the results showed a positive and significant impact of information and communication technology on the export and import of BRICS member countries, as well as the impact of information and communication variables on export and import. In case of a 1% increase in mobile phone users in these countries, exports will decrease by 0.899% and imports will increase by 0.341559%. In case of a 1% increase in fixed phone users in these countries, exports will be 0.2236% increases by 1% and import increases by 0.1860. In case of 1% increase in mobile internet users in these countries, export increases by 0.1242% and import decreases by 0.2314% and in case of 1% increase in Fast and fixed internet users in these countries, exports increase by 0.1560% and imports increase by 0.0422%.
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